Definition of Cloning Essay Example for Free

Definition of Cloning EssayCloning is the process of creating an like copy of an original. It is a single kiosk or multi-cellular organism that is genetically identical to another living organism. Cloning can also occur when two genetically identical individuals are produced by accident like identical twins, precisely in common scientific language the clone is an identical copy by some conscious design. Cloning an organism is to create a wise organism with the same genetic information as an existing one. This can involve the transfer of a cell thermonuclear in which the nucleus is withdraw from an egg cell and replaced with a nucleus extracted from a cell of the organism to be cloned. AS the nucleus contains all of the genetic information of life, the receiving egg cell will develop into an organism genetically identical to the original nucleus.Brief history IICloning started with frogs and toads back into the 1970s. Experiments have been long performed with plants and ani mal embryos. The bird is the first fully grown mammal to be cloned in 1996. The dolly was developing by using the process call somatic cell nuclear transfer which consists of DNA coming from a single cell aspiren from her mother egg, which is fused with the mammary cell. The fused cell then develops into an embryo, which is implanted in a surrogate sheep. The embryo grows into a lamb, which is genetically identical to the donor sheep (Dr.Lee Silver, Human Cloning, 1998).After the dolly, cows was being clone in 1998, pigs in 2000.The first kat was cloned in2001and in2004 a bull was cloned. With this successful process of the dolly scientists believe that human cloning may be possible. The first human cloned embryos were not until 2001. Currently in that respect are a lot of problems of getting Human clones. It is still not proven that scientists could successfully clone a human still it will take a lot of trial to even be successful in the case of animal cloning 277 sheep died be fore the dolly was born. There so galore(postnominal) questions about human fertility, scientists could not be sure that an identical human clone will ever be possible.

Rates of reaction Essay Example for Free

Rates of reception EssayRefer to GRAPH 1 The basal trend of the graph shows that time of reaction (y) decreases at a decreasing gait. More specifically the curve of best kick the bucket shows that the average temperature (y) is inversely proportionate to the average time of reaction (x). This forms an equation of y=mi (1/x) Time of reaction = constant x (1/temperature). As the constant is bewilder as 1, this can be interpreted as y=1/x. In order to validate this I will produce a line graph showing the family relationship between the two. The calculations of 1/temperature be also tabulated below.2 As can be seen from the graph the time of reaction increases at a constant drift which proves that the time of reaction is proportional to 1 over temperature. Although the points do not form a perfect straight line, using the line of best fit it is possible to determine the time taken by any given temperature. For example a 1/temperature of 0. 015 i C would cause the reaction to take approx. 60 seconds.And by dividing 0. 015 by 1, it is possible determine the actual temperature of the reaction. In this case 1/temperature = 0. 015 1/0. 025 = 66. 66 in that locationfore temperature = 66i C Hence it would take approx. 60 seconds for a intersection point to be formed when the temperature is 66i C. I suck up analysed the time of reaction as this was the dependant variable throughout my try out, but the aim of my experiment is to determine the relationship between temperature and rate of reaction. Therefore I will begin by producing a besprinkle diagram showing all the recordings.This will allow me to point out the accuracy of results and also, through a visual display, identify any possible recordings that dont follow the usual trend. Using the recordings of time of reaction, it is possible to convert this into a rate using the following formula 1 / time taken Below are the rates of reaction calculations tabulated and therefore a scatter diagram demons trating this The scatter diagram shows positive correlation meaning as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction also tends to increase.In order to distribute the recordings further and more importantly inform a relationship I will tabulate and produce a line graph showing the average time of reaction recordings against increasing temperature. TEMPERATURE (i C) The basic trend of the graph shows that as the temperature increases so does the rate of reaction, which proves my prediction is correct.However as can be seen, the relationship is not linear. The curve of best fit shows that the average rate of reaction (y) is directly proportional to the square root of temperature (x). I ready calculated this below and in order to test a relationship I have produced a line graph The graph shows that the average rate of reaction increases at a constant rate, excluding the second point, which proves that rate of reaction, is directly proportional to the square root of temperature. Usi ng the line of best fit it is possible to find the rate of reaction by choosing any temperature on the graph.For example a Vtemperature of 3i C would cause the reaction to take approx. 0. 00565 seconds. And by squaring the VtemperaturAs the temperature increases the time of reaction decreases. As the temperature increases the rate of reaction also increases which validates my prediction is correct. And from demonstrating these findings on line graphs, I was able to determine and prove that Time of reaction is proportional to 1/temperature and rate of reaction is proportional to the square root of temperature. rating Accuracy As can be seen from the circled point on the majority of graphs produced from the results taken, this is identified as an anomaly as it disperses away from the usual trend of the graph. There are many reasons to indicate why an anomaly is present this consists of human errors and equipment restrictions and possible unruly scientific theories that affect the whol e experiment. The method of using a stop read to measure the time of reaction was not as accredited as to using more precise recording apparatus such(prenominal) as a time measuring and indicating device for example.This is 1) due to the unit of time where all recordings were automatically rounded to 2d. p. and 2) the mature condition of the stop visualize used at times caused a lockage in the buy the farm and stop buttons, in a case where the time distinction of getting the stop watch to start and stop whitethorn have affected the accuracy of a recording. Furthermore it was impossible to get a line and acknowledge exactly when a reaction had been entire hence product formation. Extra attention was paid to the reaction, however the stop watch timer was only stopped when I believed the reaction was complete.This is unreliable and has no form of justification as this was determined solely through manual procedure. Again another profound error may have been the amount of hydrochl oric acid. I ensured as much solution as possible was poured into the required beaker after organism measured in the measuring cylinder, however there were always exquisite drips of liquid that were inevitable. It is illegible whether this has an influential affect however this regardless opposes the accuracy of the recordings. The temperature of the solution may have not been as intended at the start of the reaction (when the magnesium was put in).This is primarily due to that the beaker was removed from the heat once the thermometer hit the intended temperature, however the distinction in time of removing the beaker from the heating setup area to the flat desk and entering the magnesium may have caused the temperature to fall (significant/insignificantly is unknown). This is due to the reaction being exothermic, transfer of heat to surroundings, which would have caused dramatic changes in temperature throughout the experiment. There are also reasons to compliment the accuracy of my results Each recording was repeated twice.This alterd me to calculate an average and gave me the advantage of being able to produce a better analysis overall. I was able to identify early on during the preliminary work that the magnesium strips may have not been the same consistent size throughout, but during the actual experiment I took extra care in measuring, cutting and comparing the strips to the required akin length. Reliability In addition to the scopes of errors mentioned above, there are many other incontrollable factors that may have had a form of influence or obstruction.However no significant problems or difficulties were encountered whilst conducting the experiment. My results and conclusion were accurate and reliable enough to verify a relationship that as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction also increases, hence agreeing with my set prediction. I was also able to determine that an increase in temperature, decreases the time of reaction, furthermore t he time of reaction is proportional to 1/temperature and the rate of reaction is proportional to the square root of temperature.Improvements No matter how accurate produced results are, due to the restriction in apparatus provided and the time to complete the investigation, improvements will always be applicable. viable improvements In order to exclude the scopes of errors mentioned above regarding changing temperature, it would be convenient to conduct reactions in a thermos or similar container which would trap the heat. This would go forward the temperature constant and in return increase the accuracy of results.Even though two repeats for each recording was accurate enough to produce a reliable average, increasing this to three or four recordings would produce a range of results which could then be analysed in more detail. From this possible impediments of restrictions may also arise, which whilst analsying may bring about new theories affecting the reactions. As mentioned ear lier, a more precise time measuring device would be useful instead of a stop watch. This would obviously be to produce better, pri cised results and one that would possibly exclude the need of manual operation.Extending the investigation It would be useful to experiment temperatures below 30i C. This would enable me to observe the reactions and behavior of lower temperatures. And primarily with the last three temperature recordings it was noticeable that the points were closer which explains the flat curve produced at the end of graphs that produced a curve. This would enable me to observe the point at which reactions are unable to exceed therefore it would be of use to observe temperatures exceeding 90i.Another method of measurement would be counting the bubbles formed in a reaction. This would require the need of better equipment, but I believe this would form interesting results. It would also be interesting to experiment the influences of the other variables, as mentioned at th e beginning of my coursework. I was able to briefly experiment concentration in my preliminary work, but it would be interesting to do a continuous specialised experiment and also a new variable that comes to mind light. SECONDARY SOURCES OF INFORMATIONInternet sources used to construct my emphasize knowledge http//www. wpbschoolhouse. btinternet. co. uk/page03/3_31rates. htm http//www. scool. co. uk/topic_quicklearn. asp? loc=qltopic_id=11quicklearn_id=1subject_id=21ebt=248ebn=ebs=ebl=elc=4 http//www. webchem. net/notes/how_far/kinetics/rate_factors. htm.

Gender In Respond To Stress And Overcome Stress Psychology Essay

sex activity In Respond To Stress And Overcome Stress Psychology EssayThe process of growing, assorted gender does start out several(predicate) respond on when facing the assay and even the way of copping the stress. In this vignette, we were targeting with twain gender by category their age, race, culture and surrounding issue that model or change them the point of respond to stress and the way of copping the stress. thither be many issue and different causes of creating stress for our daily life b arly it is not a way for both genders. We could reach more understand type of stress is facing on the certain age and different respond both genders. In the study, we had realize that a massive changing view respond to stress and overcome the stress in both gender on category age of teenager and braggart(a). Furthermore, changing view of stress put up in different culture for both gender. It is reason for when r severally an adult age. on the job(p) environment has making t hem change.StressIn this world, our daily life is alter with stress. Stress is a common issue that has become a discussion among researchers. in that respect are many reasons why a person gets involve in a stressful condition. Based on Laheys study, blood lines of stress can be categorised into five category which are life events, frustration, conflict, embrace sensation and environmental condition (Lahey,2012).Life events is one of the major sources of stress as people need to present adjustments in their life every day, regardless of any situations or conditions (Dohrenwend,2006Lahey,2012). Negative events such as losing a loved one or losing a root word after disaster creates anxiety, depression and physical illnesses and psychological illnesses (Lahey,2012) However, even positive events can be stressful too. Getting a new car or house, graduating from college, getting married are also happy situations where people need time to adjust to their normal living pattern ( Lahe y, 2012).FrustrationOther source of stress comes from frustration which is the result or decision that could not able to satisfy a motive (Lahey,2012). Continuous dissatisfactory of the results gained such as individuals be subjected to racial discrimination would be able to become major source of stress.(Gallo Matthews Lahey,2012)ConflictThe third source of stress is conflict in which a secernate of two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one an early(a). (Lahey, 2012) Conflict happens when two people have different goals or different opinions in which both of them are trying to get an agreement. In this condition, two major source of stress in conflict are trying to satisfy each other with their different opinions while being aware of each other to accept their individual decision.PressureStress can be aroused from pressure in facing threats of ostracise events ( Lahey, 2012). For example, college students feel pressure due to handing in assignment s before dateline and preparing for exams. A single mother will feel pressure when providing provision for her family while performing well in her job. An employee will feel pressure in pleasing the boss with excellent work while competing with other colleague.Environmental conditionsThe environment that we are surrounded by is also one of the factor that causes stress ( Lahey, 2012). For instance, if a person lives in a an environment filled with noise pollution, chances of an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration is high and hindrance in the digestive processes is possible ( Hughes M., 2010 ) .IntroductionDifferent Gender in Respond to Stress and How Overcome the Stress.There are many reasons that cause stress even we are still at a one-year-old age. We believe that both genders have their own methods in responding to stress. At the same time we also believe that both genders responses to stress can be persuade by other aspect. In the sports field, both genders athletes have different methods to head with stress. Researchers found that women use the coping strategies of venting motions, positive reinterpretation, dissociation, and emotional social put forward more often than men did to get it on with stress. ( Hammermeister Burton 2004 stress Toto 2009). Besides that, there is another study about racial discrimination and ways on how to cope with stress among African Americans (Utsey, Ponterotto, Reynolds Cancelli, 2000). It was found that between adult men and women, women tend to set about social support more than men do (Flora Rahim, 2006). Based on the studies, we understand that both genders have different ways of coping with stress.Furthermore, genders differences have an effect in anxiety disorders that appears to begin around the age of 6 where female person are higher than male with ratio is already 21 (Robinson, 2006 Sharon Jennifer, 2011). From the statement we understood that stress begins at the adolescence stage. In the study of Kagan and Lewis (1965), it was found that girls are more mentally developed ahead of boys. Therefore, girls have better response to stress compared to male at the adolescence stage (Walter Terry, 1974). This led us to believe that different stress occurs in adolescence stage. Nevertheless, some studies have evidences that clearly stated the differences between genders affect stress. Girls have higher aim of stress than boys do during their teenage years as they are more likely to be more aggressive to have conflict with parent and teacher. (Walter Terry, 1974). Based on the MacFarlane (1970) study, during period high aim period, girls slightly plain more anxiety than boys (Walter Terry, 1974). On other hand, women may also experience more school-related anxiety than men during both stressful events (examinations) as well as the long term events (Martin, 1997).Besides schooling period, a study showed that during college period, women experience more negative image s of themselves and they are more likely to manifest neurotic symptoms than male (McKee and Sherriffs,1957 as cited in Walter Terry,1974). Other researches analysis provided us some insight on the differences between male and female supporting staff. There are differences in stress outcomes experienced by male and female workers between the age of 25 to 30 year old (Dr. Zafir Fazilah). A study showed that women suffer more stress from working environment compared to men because women also experience certain unique stressors such as gender inequality as well as experiencing stressors common to both genders (Kristina Stephen, 2004).Besides that, for married couples, it is believed that neighborhood stressors will have greater impact on womens mental health sooner than mens (Flora Rahim, 2006).There is a considerable amount of evidence indicating that women are more psychologically and physiologically reactive to stressors than men (Liu, Spector Lin Shi, 2008). Through this study a nd the statement provided, we found that women have the higher percentage to develop stress compared to men.For ways of coping stress, there is a slight difference between both genders. In a study, adult men were found to resort to alcoholic method more than women (Christopher Alvin, 2009). Based on Jessicas study, since men are taught that it is unacceptable to express their depression to others, they may seek comfort from other sources such as alcohol. Indeed, one argument supported the idea that the different rates of depression between men and women are illusionary is that alcoholism is twice as common in men as in women (Murakumi J., 2002).Discussion Conclusion.After analyzing the studies and research papers related to the topic, our group concord that the first thesis is different gender respond to stress in different ways. It is confirmed that the thesis we had made matches the evident to support it. Besides that, we found that different response in stress starts during t eenage years with female developing faster than male. On the overall view, all members of our group believed that the methods used to cope with stress are different where female are far more mature than male. Furthermore, we found that the stress level is different for both gender at young age with females getting more anxiety and more depression especially in high school period when compared to males. The reason for higher level of females depression in high school is because female starts to gets themselves non-invisible attention in school through usage of make up so that they are able to follow the trend of teenage years. It is the reason that women have high stress outcome than men. Hence, it led us to believe that women have the higher risk to have psychological illnesses such as insomnia and anxiety disorder. However, female are better in managing with stress based on a study by Mark and Toto (2009). Female are known to vent their emotions, positive reinterpretation, dissocia tion, and emotional social support more often than men do. (Mark and Toto, 2009). Yet this does not mean that males are healthier than female. Males often use negative way to cope with stress compared to females. Examples like alcohol and smoking cigarettes are common ways for males to cope with stress. This brings great impact to the body heath such as lung cancer and liver diseases. Nevertheless not all of the male are using the same negative copping stress as males also use positive ways to cope with stress. For example they do sports to cope with their stress. The current statement had reached our other thesis which is that both genders have their different ways to cope with stress. At the end, our group came out with a thesis that both genders have their own ways to respond to stress and to cope with stress because everyone have their own personality, thinking and stress outcome.

History of Geodesy

History of GeodesyAssignment 1 History of GeodesyComplete the following timeline by providing one important ascertain in the history of geodesy for each designated time period. Please include their name, nationality, and scientific contribution/importance. 18 points600 BC 200 ADName EratosthenesNationality Greek (Born in town of Cyrne which is now the town in Libya)Contribution founder of Geodesy measured size of the Earth obliquity of spin axis map of the world one co-ordinated ocean100 1500 ADName Giordano BrunoNationality ItalianContribution proposed that the stars were just distant suns surrounded by their own exoplanets and raised the speculation that these planets could even nurture life of their own , the universe is in fact infinite and could have no celestial body at its center, burned at the stake in Rome on February 19, 1600 for belief in heliocentric theory and other ideas1600 ADName Tycho BraheNationality DanishContribution improved observational methods used t riangulation in 1589 to determine distance to island.1700 ADName NewtonNationality BritishContribution theory of gravitation predicted Earth should be oblate1800 ADName FoucaultNationality frenchContribution gyroscope pendulum demonstrated Earth spins on axis.1900 ADName EinsteinNationality GermanContribution General Theory of Relativity concept of gravitational force as the geometry of quad-timeProvide a brief description of each of the following international geodetic organizations. At a minimum, include their website and why they argon important. 8 pointsInternational Federation of Surveyors(FIG)This international organization was established in 1878 with the aim to ensure that surveying disciplines and all those associated with surveying meet the needs of the markets and communities. This organization represents the cheer of worldwide surveyors which provides an international forum for discussion and professional development. Currently, it represents more than than 120 c ountriesThe vision of FIG is A modern and sustainable surveying profession in support of society, environment and economy by providing innovative, reliable and best practice solutions to our rapidly changing and complex world, acting with integrity and confidence almost the receipts of surveying, and translating these words into action.Website www.fig.netInternational Union of Geodesy and Geophysics(IUGG)This international organization is dedicated to the promotion and coordination of scientific studies of earth which includes physical, chemical and mathematics study and its environment in berth which includes shape, dynamics, gravity, and magnetic fields, tectonic and earthquakes etc. It was established in 1919 and is one of the 32 scientific unification within International Council for Science.Website http//www.iugg.orgInternational connectedness of Geodesy(IAG)This promotes scientific cooperation and query in geodesy on a global scale. It is one of the active member of IUGG which is one of the 32 scientific union within international council for science. The mission of the Association is the advancement of geodesy.Website http//www.iag-aig.orgInternational Earth Rotation and Reference Systems andReference Systems Service(IERS)This international organization was established in 1987 by the international Astronomical union and the international union of Geodesy and geophysics. It was renamed to International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service in 2003.The objectives of the IERS are to serve astronomical, geodetic, and geophysical communities by providing standards, constants and models, geophysical data to interpret time /space variation, earth orientation parameters required to study earth orientation variation, and international Celestial Reference System and international Terrestrial reference system.Website https//www.iers.orgRead an oblige from a geodesy journal that you find interesting and provide a one to two paragraph summary of the ar ticle including a proper reference and citations. upload a PDF of the original article to the assignment 1 drop box. 24 pointsThe recent discoveries of umteen other earth wish exoplanets have raised a skepticism about Earth being only living planet in the universe. Are there any other planets which are suitable for life to attempt? The requirement of life on any planet is water. Living organism cannot exist without water. Pressure and temperature on the planet should be in a ad hoc range to get the eloquent water. Pressure must be significantly higher and the temperature should be between freezing and boiling point. This condition is much more impossible in other existing planets or yet to be discovered. Various classes of habitable planets are classified where class I habitats represents Earth like planet where stellar and geophysical conditions allow water and sunlight to be available. Class II habitats do not have ability to sustain liquid water on their surface due to geop hysical conditions, e.g. Mars and Venus. Class III habitats are planet where water exists below the surface which Interact directly with silicate-rich core. The interaction of silicate and hydrothermal activities are assumed to be genuinely important for the origin of life in such planets, e.g. Europa and one of Jupiters satellites. And class IV habitats are very rich in water with oceans lying above a solid ice layer. The oceans are thought to be enclosed between ice layers where the possibility of life is very thin. The other condition to be a habitable planet is being at the counterbalance distance from a star and having the right atmosphere. It must have an atmosphere which keeps the pressure and temperature in the right range. However, the experience of mankind is not yet sufficient to estimate the nature and habitual conditions of many others planets. The Earth, in the other hand has a combination of favorable conditions among other planets for the life. It will be possible in the future to learn more about the exoplanets atmosphere because of the projects like earth-based telescopic observations, the James Webb Space telescope. However, discovering and characterizing the atmosphere of habitable planets will remain challenging.(Forget, 2013)ReferenceForget, F. (2013, July). On the probability of habitable planets. International daybook of Astrobiology, 12(3), 177-185. doihttps//doi.org/10.1017/S1473550413000128

Promoting Green Technology Innovation

Promoting Green Technology InnovationThe benignant impact onto the global equilibrium has been proved scientific bothy in the run low years and current catastrophes like in Japan even strengthen the worldwide aw beness for the protection of the environment. In our following lit ageture review, we stated the reasons for the mystify development of discolour technologies, defined the term GT and pointed out the importance of intentions and their promotion in this sector. To solve the global chore of modality change and resource scarcity, putting atomic number 19 and individual measures have to be conducted in edict to prevent long-term consequences for the world and its tribe. A major part of this work is dealing with the promotion of electronic mobility (e-Mobility) and how the world community is trying to force the development of this promising technology. More over, strengths, purposelessnesses and opportunities, threats ar constituteed correspond to this groundbrea king industry which is supposed to change global market conditions sustainably. backbone word Green technology, Innovation, e-Mobility, Sustainability, Electric Vehicles (EVs)The Green MovementThe reason for the jet-propelled plane movement was a developed industrial society, the crisis in relations amid human society and surrounding ingrained environment. The rapid development of production, especially in the 1950-1960s was dictated primarily by the avocations of economy for profit or political considerations (increasing the super advocator of the states). In basis of the universal race was production for production and using up for the sake of consumption. The company, regardless of its form of ownership, will always seek profit increasing, paid no attention to external costs ( alkali, services, damage, destruction and repair) .The gap between the decisions on production, consumption and public expenditure generated at all levels tend to maximize, e.g. the maximum number of individual needs which are satisfied by the maximum number of items.As a result we have endanger human look and health from water, air and s vegetable cover pollution by industrial and domestic waste, the destruction of many natural resources. The emerging number of set up that threat the bionomic balance ( fountainhouse gases, global humor change, reduction of ozone layer, catastrophic erosion of soils, etc.) The ecologic crisis that we face today wrote Murray Bookchin, an Ameri female genitals environmentalist ultimately calls into question the ability of the priming to reliever the development of life forms. Modern society is literally destroying all the work done by organic evolution.(Bookchin, 1991). Modern society is literally destroying all the work done by organic evolution. The issue of the atomic weapon and verve gave the immediate impetus to the design and dissemination of the Green movement. The economy growth in 1960s was accompanied by a rapid buildup of nuclear power plants nuclear programs in overhauling countries were further strengthened after the oil crisis in the West region in 1973-1974.These subjects were considered as the sphere of competence of state military and energy policy, and because public opposition to nuclear development is in a flash facing the population and altruistically minded enthusiasts with the authorities and led to a radicalization of the movement. Those days popular slogan was Better to be active than radioactive. The impact of nuclear energy and consequences can easily be seen these days Chernobil in 1986, Fukusima in 2011 and many other incidents. In 1971, in North America the most cognise environmental organization Green Peace was formed. Originally, it took up the problems of nuclear tests of the USA, but has gradually extended the activity for the whole world and to a wide range, up to protection of biologic kinds, waste, etc. The basic tactics of Green Peace is to draw attention of the public and the mighty ones of this world to different questions related to ecological problems. at one timeadays, the green market is growing quickly and steadily, even compared to the economical environment market. Since 2008, the world economy shows the signs of the downturn, but green market remarkably grows. Dubai Chamber of business and industry organizations indicates that global market for environmental products will double by 2020. That shows vast opportunities for business.Change in mind of the global populationIn general, every(prenominal) single person in this planet needs to green if they regard a better coming(prenominal) for the next generations. Eventually, we will run out of carbon paper paper based fuels and we need to change to re naked as a jaybirdable sources.But in reality its estimable developed countries need and care roughly green technology and the ones without oil resourses. For example, Afghanistan, Gaiti, Tadzhikistan and about seventeen countries in Af rica are experiencing food scarcity. at that place are revolutions in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. So probably going green its extend thing they have in mind right now.But its a huge visible progress in atomic number 63. Big taxes on oil promote carmakers to manu eventure fuel-efficient vehicles, most of the countries signed KYOTO protocol, agreeing to reduce greenhouse emissions to a certain point, recycling, usage of wind and solar power sources. So any country which wants to click economical sustainability, is switching to green technologies. European Union or any other state can come up with laws and restrictions, but we have just one atmosphere. So we have to make it economic , so that all community and all nations will have a profitable outcome . vital force is the mother of all markets. These days, many customers looking for a green product and retailers can lose them if they dont care about the environment. Most of them prefer green products from galvanic or loan-blend car to reusable bags in supermarkets.The benefits of green technologies are obvious, especially when it comes to energy population health, saving and making money, independence of some countries, sustainable economy, less political tensions and suspension of global warming. The term Green Technology has been developed in last 5 years, which describes industries promoting a value of unveilings that benefit the environment. There is a time, when panic is an appropriate response.(Eugene Kleiner, 2007).And we reached that time. We are facing catastrophic and irreversible consequences. . Global warming is a problem that is connected to difficult issues such as poverty, economic development and population growth. Hundreds of millions of people around the world are already affected by water shortages, crop failures, and tropical diseases, flooding and innate weather events-conditions that are probably going to be worse due to the global warming. We need green technology to ch ange the impact on environment. And strike for it grows worldwide. So there are real chances to take a place in a given niche in the case of creation industrious in this business right now.It requires a voluminous investment for the companies, but return appears to be proud. By switching to GT we will build better next for our children and also its a way to besides and make money.Green technologyWhat is green technology?Green technology is aiming at the usage of reusable natural resources for energy production. Target is to develop different ways to produce energy so that natural resources does not deplete. Green technology combines different methods and technologies for continuing evolving new solutions. Main areas for interest in green technology are sustainability, re-use ability, source reduction, excogitation and viability. (Green technology 2010).Nowadays almost every company has products those have influences from green technology. Product life cycle, energy consump tion, materials and product extermination are in serious role when product ecological quantities are evaluated. The economical crisis has decreased atypical energy consumption and travelling. Bad thing is that at the same time investments for developing energy efficiency has decreased. This has negative long term influence of carbon dioxide emissions. (Vesa Laisi Vacon 2010).Fig.1 Capital Costs of Generating Technologies in 2009Figure 1 shows capital costs of different energy production methods. One of the most important parts of green technology is energy production but there is also another important area of interest. For example construction industry tries to decrease energy consumption of buildings. New building regulations ensures green way to build houses. Also tax policy aims to lower energy consumption. Easy way for normal people to deliver ecological way to live is to buy products that are manufacture with the methods that have smallest impact on the environment. (Energy information administration 2010).Why is green technology important?All the time more and more consumers, investors and companies are interested in green technology. According to many studies ozone layer has decreased and now people woke up to worry about the future. World population growing force also to search new renewable energy sources because dodo energy sources cant fit future energy need.Fig.2 Clean TechnologyFigure 2 shows different areas where clean technology has been utilise. Consumers can reduce global warming by choosing materials and energy sources those have manufactured by green ways. (Clean Edge 2011).Capital investments for green technology have increased in first quarter of this year over 65%. (Dudley 2010). U.S.A is the biggest investor to clean technology. European countries have very positive attitude about green technology but investments are not so big. mainland China is also a big factor when we are talking in clean technology. China has lot of old indu stry and pollutions are huge. Reasons why interest of green technology has increased so dramatically is the intimacy that fossil energy sources are running out and climate change. Fossil energy sources are very important for industrialized countries. In Finland nuclear power, waterpower and bio fuel are common energy production methods. Future energy questions are big and it is doable that those problems cant be resolved only with renewable energy sources. One main thing is to increase energy efficiency and this is segment where the smallest clean technology companies want offer solution. Improving energy efficiency helps to decrease expenses because natural resources will be used less. (Linnainmaa 2007).Research has developed from innovative visions to serious business. Now green technology is many directors agenda in multi field companies and small innovative companies those main target is growth. Nowadays, it is lot of easier to get risk investment support and that help small i nnovative companies implement their strategy efficiently.Who uses green technology? Interest groups and target groupsGreen technology end users are consumers and industry companies. Consumers can use green technology for example house heating systems. solar panels have been developed to strength option for summer cottage energy source. Solar panels manufacturing costs has decreased and that is big factor that help consumers to choose that option. Also use of ground heat systems has increased. One big negative issue about this option is expensive investments costs. Some countries support consumers to choose this heating system. Consumers can pay fewer taxes if they invest in this technology.Fig.3 Green is the next wave in flat panel displaysFigure 3 shows how green technology has increased in flat displays. After year 2014 all displays contains energy saving functions and components are manufactured by green technologies. In 2008 most of developing work has been done and after that use of those methods has increased dramatically.Nowadays it is easy for consumer to choose products that were manufactured with green technology. Many products give information about to manufacturing method in their label. e.g. every food has mark in the label if it has been manufactured in a natural way. Industry uses green technology for example energy sources. Also choosing raw materials those have manufactured with green technology help to decrease pollutions. The development of better filters has decreased pollution in industry. One negative issue is that filters are very expensive and make competition situation unfair between e.g European and Chinese companies those dont often use that king of filters because there is not so strict legislation.Green Technology as Part of Sustainable incrementGreen Technology describes any application of science, knowledge or technology towards improving the relationship between human technology involvement and the impact this has on the envir onment and natural resources. Green technology is a category, in that it can cover many different parts of technology and human development (energy, reckoner and agriculture).Environmental technology is the conservation of the environmental sciences, and to decrease the negative impacts of human acts. (Green Technology 2010)Its main goals areSustainabilityCreating products that can be re-used.Change the patterns of production and consumption for reducing the waste.Developing alternatives in order to improve health and environment.Environmental degradation is worsened by extensive use of environmentally hazardous nap production technologies and use of fossil sources of energy which emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere contributing to the greenhouse effect and pollution. Only a thorough reassessment and shakeup of global development, when a central role would be given to mass transition to green technologies and intensive rather than extensive consumption, could guarantee optimis tic prospects for future generations.Enterprise needs reciprocal commitment of all countries to contribute to the solving of global environmental problems according to their capacities, which could be increased through exchange of knowledge and green technologies among the countries. Green technology is a method or practical application of knowledge from environmental science to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to lighten the negative impacts of human activity. It is called to contribute to sustainable development.It is for sure that usage of oil, gas, and coal as main sources of energy undermines the ability of future generations to use these finite sources of energy. (IPU 2009).Among traditionalistic types of environmentally friendly renewable sources of energy, there are other technologies which contribute to global green energy balanceBiofuel Obtained from lifeless or living biological material. It is similar to fossil fuels,which are produced from biologica l material.Ethanol Esay to manufacture and process and can be made from common agricultural feedstock such as corn, potato, peag cane etc.Anaerobic digestion Various processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material without oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater. It is commonly used as a renewable energy source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production helping replace fossil fuels.The ability to pursue an environmentally friendly shift to green technology and intensive consumption is being procrastinated by the latest 2009 world financial crisis. It greatly undermined the perspectives of long-term sustainable development. It has put the economic issues on filch of the world agenda at the expense of other unresolved urgent problems of the modern globalized era. The fact is that the worst problems are highly conspicuous in poor and developing countries whose dramatic population growth makes it harder for the government to preserve states manageability, not even mentioning their weak incentives to address such abstract long-term issues like global warming. (UN 1992).In order to give a better understanding of ecological sustainable development, examples of cardinal Asian countries are being stated belowSouth KoreaSouth Korea announced a green action plan and laid out a budget of $84 billion to support it, which will help cut car emissions and improve the energy efficiency of buildings and houses. This is expected to make the country a green nation in the recent years. The aim is to become one of the worlds 7th most competitive country in 10 years in terms of energy efficiency and ability to adapt to climate change, according to a presidential statement. The country also plans to create 1.81 million new jobs. Kwon Tae Shin, verbalize that reducing greenhouse gas emissions initiative will serve as a growth engine to drive the country to greater quantify. South Korean government will develop international markets for LEDs, solar cells and hybrid cars. CO2 emissions will also from part of the new strategy and will be utilize next year, said official sources.IndiaMajor industrial private sector firms formed an Alliance for Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE ), This alliance pretend to save 2,000 MW of energy by next year by promoting energy efficiency measures in homes and businesses.Also, India will form a National Environmental Protection representation (NEPA) as a part of the country initiatives. Aims to intensify the authority of Indian environmental agencies, improve public information and transparency, demonstrate progress in environmental compliance and enforcement. Also, India has in place an eco-labeling scheme called Ecomark for identification of environmentally-friendly products. The mark is awarded to consumer goods that meet different environmental criterias (encompasses raw material extraction, manufacturing and disposal). (Shukla 2010).IV. Promo tion of green technology innovationClimate change has been on an increase and proving to be a monster since the beginning of the 20th century. In the process, it has lead to global warming a phenomena where high levels of carbon dioxide ratio exceed normal. This has resulted in increasing temperature of the earths surface air and big water masses. During this time, the Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental control panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007), reported that the earth surface temperature increased out of proportion and may go further between 1.1 to 6.4C in the 21st century, and the finger was pointed at increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, mainly from man-made activities such as deforestation, miss-handling of the eco-system and burning of fossil fuel.For that matter, there is need for an emergency counsel perspective. In this management, there should be utilities for guidance and management in response to global climate change. There are many risks and vulner abilities related to global climate change. These utilities should address these risks and vulnerabilities and combine the greens peace and the policy makers while providing a base to accommodate this need. Although this is the idea, the techniques for drawing the policies should not be undermined, since they have a potential of big challenges and disaster. The goal is to enhance policy making at all levels to be equal in order to develop a more consonant approach to combat the challenges of climate change and global warming. ( Schneider 2011).Although tackling the problem of climate change, includes a lot of challenges, there is a way forward the Kyoto global musical arrangement on climate change (Kyoto protocol) where, these challenges are sought to be handled. This protocol also assesses international proposals forwarded by academics and the international community. Despite its effort, there has been little achieved, to that degree the main issues have to be addressed. These i ssues include emission reduction targets for developed countries the nature and extent of actions to dress emissions quarters of countries and its support with an aim to reduce it. (Howes 2009). developed countries have quarters of emission aimed at reducing emissions by 20% by 2020. One of the most positive way is to go green, which requires agility, determination and antiphonal in innovation. This implies that, the average emissions growth should be 1.5% by 2020. Kyoto also knows that this is an ambitious reform by developed countries despite the support of international community funding to developing country, in order for them to mitigate. (Howes 2009).Global approachMichael Zammit, get together Nations climate official agrees that there is a non-consensus agreement between Europe and the USA on archiving the goal of emission reduction as specified by the Kyoto treaty. Instead of individual contribution, USA evading with helping poor countries in emissions reduction were as E urope advocates for the countries responsible for the emissions should be forced to reduce it at home. He also points out that, in this gigantic economic and political change, they should have a limit and control of greenhouse gas emissions in order to fulfil the Kyoto commitments. There for there is need for innovation of green technology. (UNFCCC 1999).Sining C. Cuevas (2011) suggests that, there should be adaptive measures on how to carry out a system that is affected by climate change. He devised a three dimensions model consisting of climate change, eco-system vulnerabilities and risks involved. He identified that climate change occurs in four different nature intensity, variability, frequency, and quantity. This was all driven by social-economic, bio-physical, technological, and organisation means, were as the risks oriented more on income, diversity, health, mortality rate, and infrastructure risks. Although his findings give an understanding of gears that drive climate chang e, they are still crude to implement.Support measurements for green technology innovationSome countries are seriously embarking and subsidising green technology. For instance, China announced plans to help the growth of green technology green technology at home. It launched its financial strategy towards the end of 2008 and parting a big portion to green technology and renewable energy. Its aggressiveness in green technology reached its climax in 2009 when it injected a lot of resources to help the 1.3 Billion people with energy. These government subsidies are targeting clean energy vehicles, steel mill, development of solar and wind power in order to help develop the green technology industry. These come in form of reduced value in production which is further transfer cheaply to the consumer. (Leonardo Academy).Marketing and value communicationThe European fraternity (EC) together with the European Union (EU) has responsibilities and have obliged with the Kyoto Protocol. They hav e participated and contributed to the Kyoto Protocol although they sometimes tend to be non-compliant with their obligations. This prompted for a massive investment in innovation in green technology in the European Community (EC) as a result, they reduced their emission by 8% share under their obligations of EU Member States. For this reason, they dismiss the idea of redistributed of burden-sharing agreement since innovative technology, if done right, will cater for the emission-reduction target. (Schiele 2010).An empirical investigation made by Dr. Omid Sabbaghi (2011) on conduct of Green Exchange-Traded Funds on returns and volatility factor, showed that, market-wide green returns accumulation were more pronounced in the year 2005 up to 2008 and is still promising. The need to go to green technology was still advocated for in the green stock returns. Although this is the case, some of the green technologies still have to improve its cost and the public awareness of it availability and fatality is important. Despite these issues many organisations are embarking on undertaking the idea forward in order to rip the benefits of green technology.Moreover, companies associated in environmental projects are impinging sky high with their stocks. In United States, investment in companies undertaking environmental projects in wind farms, solar parks and bio-fuel plants was $91.9 billion on top of the original $145 billion. The message is getting louder. The presence of more green technology may guarantee more investment. (Invesco Power Shares 2010)Fig. 4 Investment in green technologyGreen technology comes with additional un-intentional benefits. For instance, while in the design and production process, the material and design is targeted to future recycling products meet environmental objectives. This in turn reduces the resource cost and the future price for the same product. Not only resource benefits, but also but it stimulate innovation in order to merge the fut ure technology and the current renewable resources consequently there is less damage to the environment. Furthermore green technology attracts economic activity in products and the technology that makes them, beneficial in the global environment. (World Green). Furthermore, Leonidas C. Leonidou (2011), studied the growth of green advertising around the world between the period of 1988-2007. He realised that, the trend was favouring the green advertisements although, his target was regarding consumer goods. This is because green advertisements are more domestic rather than international. Elham Rahbar, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, (2011) supported his findings when they made a study on determinants of effects on green marketing tools on consumers actual purchase behaviour in Penang (Malaysia). They realised that there was more trust in eco-label and eco-brand by the customers. Furthermore, there was a hug customers perception of this brand a very big encouragement for green technology.Promoti ng e-MobilityThe global attitude towards the environment and the impact of human being on the global equilibrium is changing. Not only since the subjective impression of an increased amount and strength of natural catastrophes and the current happenings in northern Japan, people all over the world feel that the world population cant go on with its handling of the planet. After the scientific proof of the harmful correlation coefficient between carbon dioxide and world climate, industries with huge pollutant emissions have to find ways coping with this problem. One of the biggest sources of pollution is the global car traffic which is responsible for 17% of global CO emissions without pollution resulting out of production processes. Additionally, it is expected that this expulsion will increase in developing countries from 30% in 2006 up to 45% in 2030. (UNEP 2009)But not only because of this reason its important to re-think the car industry. External factors which have significant i nfluence on the branch endanger the fountain success of global car manufacturers today and in the future. The problem of rising oil prices, their finite nature and global governmental interference actions force the self-propelling industry to find new ways of mobility. Therefore, the various global players and even some small start-ups started an incomparable innovation process creating ideas for a new era of automobile. Out of numerous concepts including gas, biofuel, hydrogen and voltaicity, the power train with electrical energy delivered best results regarding practicability, efficiency and sustainability.Using this technology, there evolved several new innovators next to found corporations and introduced the first electrical cars on regional markets. The US based company Tesla Motors was one of them having the idea to interconnect hundreds of laptop batteries in their Tesla Roadster in order to assure a range of over one hundred kilometers.In order to get rid of the dependen cy of oil, countries all over the world started national investment plans in this field with extensive subsidy policies spreading from USA over Europe up to China because no one wants to lose the lead in this strategic field. The opportunities are tremendous reshuffling the whole market with an expected total market volume of $80 to $120 billion in North America, Europe and Asia by 2030 provided that electric vehicles (EV) get a share of 5 to 10 percent. (Gao, Wang, Wu 2008 2).This development can contribute significantly to a policy change of global emission amounts caused by passenger vehicles. Under a no-action scenario and further growth of conventional power trains, the passenger vehicle pollution will increase by over 50 percent until 2030 mainly due to the booming Asian region. Quite contrary to this, there are three possible trends according to McKinsey demonstrated in figure 1 Firstly, a rapid transition towards an electric powered world would decrease emissions by 49 perc ent. Secondly, the optimization of present engine technology could reduce emissions up to 42 percent. Thirdly, a more balanced mix of technologies could lower emissions by 47 percent (GreenCarCongress 2009). The last scenario is currently the most likely one.Fig.5 Global passenger vehicle CO emissions and abatement potentialOn the way towards wholly emission free engines in vehicles, there are interim solutions using different types of systems as isolated applications (IEA 2008 1-4)Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine conventional gasoline engines with a battery component which allows electric drives for a limited speed and range. Therefore, an improved fuel economy especially in stop and go traffic situations is guaranteed. The first mass producer of hybrid cars has been Toyota with its Prius model which is proving technical practicability under daily routine conditions.Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are an evolutionary form of HEVs because one can plug them into the electrical energy grid when the vehicle is parking. The built-in battery has a higher capacity and allows a higher speed maximum using the combustion engine as a range extender.Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) using only electric power are the aim of every manufacturer in their research and development. Currently, the biggest problem is hereby the battery technology which is not allowing wide ranges. The Tesla Roadster solved these problems with existent technical components at first.All three types of new concepts are atomic number 82 the way towards a greener future. Both hybrid cars improve the fuel efficiency and therefore the demand for oil but the biggest problem is still the purchase price which is still so high because the battery costs contribute much.Figure 6 shows the comparison between a combustion engine and an electric power train using different categories. Although the price per mile is lower by more than 20 percent, problems occur in range and the recharging. Moreo ver, the power is switching away from the OPEC cartel towards utility companies providing the energy for the age of eMobility.Fig.6 Electric vs. GasolineTaking the environmental impact into account, electric drivetrains are not equivalent to zero emissions and environmental friendliness. To measure this, the well-to-wheel consideration has been developed including also the emissions generated by producing the fuel. For EV this means considering the pollution produced when generating the electric power in plants. (Hensley, Knupfer, Pinner 2009 93). In countries like Germany, China and the United States this will often be coal whereas Denmark and Northern California could use wind power which is oftentimes not used during low demand times like at night when EVs are normally charged. Due to a test of BMW with its Mini EV, 98 percent of the test customers using this vehicle want to have renewable energy sources produced by solar, water and wind. (Seiwert 2 2010 2). Another important as pect

Franklin D Roosevelt Essay -- essays research papers fc

Franklin D. RooseveltIn the 1932 election, the Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt collected 57.4 percent of the popular vote to easily defeat the republican opponent, Herbert Hoover. He strove to be a symbolisation of confidence and a impudently hope for the nation, declaring in his inauguration day speech on frame 4, 1933, "the only thing we have to business is fear itself" (Norton, p.727). By incorporating this theory into politics, he attempted to pick America off the ground, and set America back on track with two sets of programs called the First and secant brisk Deals.During the first hundred days of his presidency, Roosevelt set forth his plan for national recovery, known as the First New Deal. Designed and administered by Roosevelts centre of attention group of advisors, known as the Brain Trust (Leuchtenburg, p.83), the New Deal represented a new era where the government would be able to deputize with the economy. With elected majorities in Congress, he was ab le to push through a large number of measures, making the first hundred days of his presidency an uncommon period of government action. Roosevelt laid out his strategy for recovery early on, dividing it into three major goals Banking and Relief for the Jobless, Agricultural Recovery, and Industrial Recovery.The first problem Roosevelt go about in the business side was with the number of bank closures throughout the nation during the early months of 1933. In response, he called for a four-day national bank holiday (Leuchtenburg, p.85), during which prison term he met with the heads of many of the nations suffering banks and developed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, passed March 9. This act provided the framework under which banks could reopen their doors with federal support (McElvaine, p.103). On March 31, Congress passed the Unemployment Relief Act, which also created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a program that employed the poor with public work and services (Leuchte nburg, p.92). April was also a successful month, even though less was successfully passed. May, on the other hand, saw the passing of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to circularise federal aid to farmers and controlled farm production. That same day, the most comprehensive relief bill of the New Deal was passed, the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), appropriating $50... ... New Deal lost momentum as a conservative coalition in Congress passed cuts in relief programs and blocked further acts proposed by Democratic New Deal supporters. As a result, Roosevelt proposed few new reform measures during his second term in office. In his January 1939 State of the Union Address, Roosevelt proposed no new domestic programs (Norton, p.747). The New Deal had effectively ended.BibliographyBraeman, John, with Robert Bremmer and David Brody, eds. The New Deal     University Press, Columbus 1975Freedman, Russell . Franklin Delano Roosevelt     Clarion Books, New York 1992Joseph, Paul. Franklin D. Roosevelt     Abdo & Daughters, Chicago 2000Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932 1940     Harpercollins, New York 1963McElvaine, Robert. The ample Depression America, 1929-1941     Times Books, New York 1984Norton, Marybeth. A People and A Nation The History of the United States     Houghton Mifflin College, New York 1998

On Leisure Theory In The Field Of Cultural Spirit :: Culture China Essays

On leisure Theory In The Field Of Cultural SpiritABSTRACT China, with a large population, has its own characteristics in establishing smart values for leisure. One of the most vital characteristics of leisure is that family is considered as its main subject. Therefore, strengthening the family culture has become a new belief of leisure. In the countryside, round 85 percent of the villages and towns have set up various entertainment and leisure places which reflect the family culture. In cities, people have a new conception of residence which pursues a community culture that respects peoples rights and advocates an harmonious integration of human being beings and nature. Meanwhile, the leisure culture has been enriched by a plan that includes bodybuilding for everyone, construe clubs, family politics studies, art appreciation and environmental protection organizations comprised mainly of volunteers. New value of the leisure of humankind is advent into being in various fields. In the 20th century, one of the greatest contributions of science and technology to the mankind is that it has freed the human beings from heavy physical labor and given the people full leisure time. With the coming of the digital era, most of the future intent and state of living of the mankind will be spent in leisure time. Therefore, leisure has become an eventful part of the human social activities. What is leisure? What kind of inner links exist between leisure and the quality of the human life? What enlightenment tail end we gain from leisure, which is an implication of cultural spirit? What kind of value of leisure shall we have in the future? All the above questions need our careful consideration.Leisure refers to the time the people have after they finish necessary social labor, which is based on reduction of man-hours. Leisure is a form of the state of human life, generally including eliminating physical fatigue and gaining spiritual comfort. With the development of scien ce and technology as well as the social advancement, leisure has provided conditions for the rich spiritual life of the people. It is said that recreation will free the people from labor. On the one side, the hardness of labor will weaken due to longer rest and recuperation time on the other side, recreation should play a role in compensating the pains caused by labor to the people, helping them find back the opening move of the physical and spiritual balance damaged by labor.